Acne is one of the most common reasons people visit a dermatologist, and it is not limited to teenagers. Many adults in Delhi in their 20s, 30s and even 40s deal with stubborn breakouts. This guide explains what actually causes acne, how to recognise the different types, and which treatments are worth considering.

What causes acne?

Acne develops when hair follicles (pores) become blocked with oil (sebum) and dead skin cells. This creates an environment where bacteria that normally live on the skin can multiply, and the follicle becomes inflamed. The result can be anything from small bumps to deep, painful lumps.

The exact mix of triggers differs from person to person, but the common ones are:

  • Hormonal changes — puberty, menstrual cycles, PCOS and other hormonal conditions can increase oil production.
  • Genetics — if your parents had stubborn acne, you are more likely to as well.
  • Pollution, dust and sweat — in a city like Delhi, particles and sweat sitting on the skin can clog pores, especially if the face is not cleansed properly at night.
  • Heavy or comedogenic products — thick creams, some hair oils touching the forehead, and certain makeup can block pores.
  • Certain medicines and supplements — some can trigger breakouts, so mention everything you take to your doctor.
  • Stress and poor sleep — they do not cause acne on their own, but they can make existing acne flare.

The main types of acne

Blackheads and whiteheads

These are non-inflamed blocked pores. Blackheads are open pores where the trapped material darkens on contact with air; whiteheads are closed. They are usually the mildest form.

Papules and pustules (typical pimples)

Red, tender bumps (papules) and bumps with a white or yellow centre (pustules). This is what most people mean by "pimples".

Nodules and cysts

Deep, firm and often painful lumps under the skin. This form is the most likely to leave permanent marks or scars and generally needs medical treatment rather than over-the-counter products.

Common acne mistakes

  • Squeezing or picking pimples — pushes inflammation deeper and increases the risk of dark marks and pits.
  • Over-scrubbing or over-washing — damages the skin barrier and can make the skin produce more oil and become more irritated.
  • Switching products every few days — most acne treatments need weeks of consistent use to show a result.
  • Skipping moisturiser and sunscreen — acne treatments can dry the skin, and sun exposure darkens post-acne marks.
  • Home remedies on active acne — lemon juice, toothpaste and similar remedies can burn or irritate the skin.

How dermatologists treat acne

Treatment depends on the type, severity, your skin type and how your skin has responded before. Options a dermatologist may discuss include:

  • Topical medicines — such as retinoids, benzoyl peroxide or topical antibiotics, usually used in combination.
  • Oral medicines — for moderate to severe or hormonal acne, prescribed and monitored by a doctor. These are not something to self-medicate with.
  • In-clinic procedures — such as chemical peels and medicated facials, which can help with clogged pores and post-acne marks when used as part of a plan.
  • Scar treatments — once acne is under control, marks and pits can be addressed separately. See our page on acne scar treatment.
Treating acne early is the single best way to reduce scarring. Waiting for "it to settle on its own" is the most common reason marks turn permanent.

Everyday habits that support treatment

  • Wash your face twice a day with a gentle, non-soap cleanser, and always cleanse at night after a day outside.
  • Use a light, non-comedogenic moisturiser and a sunscreen suitable for oily or acne-prone skin.
  • Wash pillow covers, towels and your phone screen regularly.
  • Keep hair oils and styling products away from your forehead and hairline.
  • Give any new treatment 6–8 weeks before judging it, unless it is causing irritation.

When to see a dermatologist

Book a consultation if your acne is painful or deep, leaves dark marks or scars, is affecting your confidence, has not improved with a consistent routine for 6–8 weeks, or appears suddenly as an adult along with other symptoms such as irregular periods. An in-person assessment helps rule out other conditions and avoids months of trial and error.

At UK's Derma in Moti Nagar, every acne treatment plan starts with an assessment of your skin, so the plan is built around you rather than a standard package.